INTRODUCTION
The development of new industries such as electronics, telemechanics, production of semiconductors, luminophores and other implies the use of a number of materials, little studied until now . They include selenites and tellurites of transition elements, especially rare earths. Their study is firstly directed to the examination of their structural features [1,2]. Not less important for studying the properties of this class of compounds are the studies on thermodynamic properties. The information in this area are too scarce [3,4].
Selenites are important intermediates in the technology of production and purification of selenium.
Thermal decomposition and oxidation of selenides, selenates and selenites is a complex heterogeneous process, and details on the composition and thermal stability of the oxidation products are of interest for the selenium metallurgy and for the study of their properties as a semiconductor material.
The information in literature concerning the receipt and study of the properties of selenitite and selenidite of lanthanides are a little [5,6].
The increasing diverse use of different selenium compounds (in particular ytterbium) makes their study is a topical issue. The purpose of this study is to synthecise the selenides and selenites to ytterbium and characterization of their chemical and thermal properties.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
As initial substance is used ytterbium oxide containing basic substance not less than 99.99 mass.% hydrochloric acid of high purity.
Ytterbium selenite is obtained by the following methodology: Yb2O3 is dissolved in concentrated hydrochloric acid, the excess of which is removed by aqueous solution puff. The obtained anhydrous chloride is dissolved in water and thereto is added the aqueous solution of sodium selenite we also prepared by mixing equimolar amounts of an aqueous solution of SeO2 and NaOH / 99,99 mass.% /. After standing in the concentrated solution the precipitate is filtered, washed to a neutral pH and dried in air.
Determination of Yb as Yb2O3 is performed by direct complexonometric titration with 0.05M solution of complexone III in xylenol orange indicator.
Determination of the selenium dioxide is based on the use of the iodometric method for the determination of selenium [7].
Dust samples were tested at room temperature with devices DRОN-3ХL (Russia) equipped with a Cu tube or DRОN-UМ1 (Russia), equipped with a Co tube. For x-ray tubes of Cu or Co anodes are used respectively Kβ-Ni or Kβ-Fe filters.
Thermogravimetric analysis was conducted by company’s derivatograph MOM (Hungary), type OD-102. Ceramic crucibles are used, and α-Al2O3 as a standard. The heating rate is 10°С/min in the temperature range 25-1000°С. Studies were conducted in air.
The resulting selenite was used to load the glass ampules «Razoterm» in the concentration range of 0 to 75 mass.% SeO2 in a liquid phase to a hydrothermal synthesis and thermostated at 100°C for 30 days.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
For building the solubility isotherm of the system data from chemical analysis is used, applying Schreinemakers methods. Fig. 1 shows the solubility of the system at 100°C.
Fig. 1 Solubility isotherm of the system Yb2O3–SeO2–H2O at 100°C.
Figure 1 shows the formation of two crystallization fields of the corresponding phases Yb2(SeO3)3.4H2O and YbH(SeO3)2.2H2O. It can be seen that the field of crystallization Yb2(SeO3)3.4H2O is less/almost in a stoichiometric ratio of the reactants/ than that of YbH(SeO3)2.2H2O at this temperature. The resulting phases in the systems are characterized by chemical, thermogravimetric and X-Ray diffraction analyses.
Lauegramma is taken from hydrogenselenites for x-ray diagram definitions used in monocrystals. Based on the results obtained from a monocrystal x-ray study on hydrogenselenites of Sm, Dy to Yb, we offer the following composition of the resulting diselenite – YbH(SeO3)2.2H2O. Our crystallographic study confirmed the essential features of the explored structure described by [8]. X-Ray diagram parameters are as follows: Crystal system — orthorhombic, space group Р212121; unit cell parameters: a = 6,547, b = 6,922, c = 16,316; V = 739,4; number of units Z = 4, X-ray density Dx=4,268 g/cm3.
Yb2(SeO3)3.4H2O is x-ray amorphous.
Thermal stability of selenites Yb2(SeO3)3.4H2O and YbH(SeO3)2.2H2O was investigated by thermogravimetric, non-isothermal methods. Figures 2 and 3 represent the TG and DTA curves of the obtained selenite.
Fig. 2 TG and DTA curves of Yb2(SeO3)3.4H2O
Hydrogenselenites decompose according to the following general scheme:
2YbН(SeO3)2.2H2O → Yb2(SeO3)3.H2SeO3 → Yb2(SeO3)3.SeO2 → Yb2(SeO3)3 → Yb2O3.2SeO2 → Yb2O3.SeO2 → Yb2O3
The mechanism of thermolysis is demonstrated by chemical and X-Ray diffraction of insulated phases obtained in the modeling of the thermal analysis conditions.
Fig. 3 TG and DTA curves of YbH(SeO3)2.2H2O
Obtaining ytterbium selenides:
Reduction is carried out with anhydrous hydrogen selenite. Process occurs:
Yb2(SeO3)3 + 9H2 = Yb2Se3 + 9H2O
The reduction is carried out in a quartz reaction tube placed in a tube furnace /figure 4/. Hydrogen is fed at a rate of 4-6 ℓ.h-1. Isothermal hold is performed from 2-4 h at different temperatures. The isothermal heating time is determined by the extent of the respective crystallized selenite and the temperature of the dehydration and amorphization of Yb2(SeO3)3. Amorphized Yb2(SeO3)3 is characterized by high reactivity. In the first stage of the selenite reduction form polyselenides with Yb2Se4 /YbSe2/ composition. In their further calcination in a hydrogen atmosphere /10 ℓ.h-1/ selenides are prepared with Yb2Se3 composition.
To prevent the formation of oxiselenides it was used a combined method of reduction of selenites with a mixture of hydrogen and hydrogen selenide. The presence of Н2Se is enough to ensure the conversion of oksiselenidite into the selenidi. In this case before the sample with the selenite in the quartz tube, a elemental selenium is placed in order to ensure the passage of Н2Se generated in the reaction zone. In this case the duration of the reduction is 1-2 hours, while the flow rate of hydrogen 5-6 ℓ.h-1
Fig. 4 Reduction scheme: 1 — a tubular furnace 2 — quartz tube
3 — keel, 4 — heater 5 — dessicant
The obtained ytterbium selenides and polyselenides are fine polydisperse systems and an X-Ray diffraction analise is used to determine the parameters of the crystal structure.
Considering the isomorphism of lantanoidite selenide, the method of Debye-Scherrer based on literature data was used to calculate the Yb2Se3 and Yb2Se4 unit cell parameters [9,10].
Table 1 Crystallographic data of Ytterbium selenide
|
Compound |
Crystal system | Space group | Z |
Dx/g cm-3 |
| Yb2Se3 | orthorombic | Fddd | 16 | 7,141 |
| Yb2Se4 | tetragonal | P4/nmm | 2 | 8,583 |
|
Lattice parameters |
||||
| a/Å | b/Å | c/Å | ||
| Yb2Se3 | 11,28 | 8,020 | 23,97 | |
| Yb2Se4 | 3,964 | — | 3,964 | |
CONCLUSIONS
As a result of this study selenides and selenites of the ytterbium are synthesized. Their composition is proven through chemical and X-Ray diffraction analyses. The thermal resistance of the selenite is studied.
Acknowledgements: The present research work has been performed by the financial support of the Ruse University “Angel Kanchev” Scientific Fund, Project № 2017-FRz-02
REFERENCES
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[2] Grundmeier T., W. Urland, Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 1995, 621, 1977
[3] Знаменская А. С., Л. Н. Комисарова, Журн. неорган. химии, 1973, 18, 873-879
[4] Серебренников В. В., В. Г. Попова, Изв. Вузов. Физика , 1958, №1, 173-174.
[5] Castro A., R. Enjialbert, M, de Pedro, J.C. Trombe, J.Solid State Chem., , 1994, 112(2), 418-23
[6] De Pedro M., J.C. Trombe, A. Castro, J. Mater. Sci. Lett., 1995, 14, 994-997
[7] Назаренко И. И., Е. М. Ермаков, Аналитическая химия селена и телура, Наука, М., 1977
[8] Koskenlinna M., I. Mutikanen, M. Leskela, L. Ninisto, Acta Cryst., 1994, C50, 1384-1386
[9] Dismuskes, White, Inorg. Chem., 1965, 4, 970
[10] Webb, Hall, Inorg. Chem., 1970, 9, 843[schema type=»book» name=» SYNTHESIS OF YTTERBIUM SELENITE AND SELENIDE» description=»Further development of methods for obtaining high-temperature semiconductor materials and luminophores is unthinkable without scientific study on physico-chemical properties of halkogenidеs. The research of selenites and selenides of rare earth elements is mainly directed toward the study on their structural features and thermodynamic properties. The available information is too scant to allow in this area Ytterbium selenides and selenites with chemical formulas Yb2(SeO3)3 and Yb2Se3 are synthesized. Yb2(SeO3)3 is synthesized in the interaction of equimolar quantities of YbCl3 and Na2SeO3. The obtained Yb2(SeO3)3 is x-ray amorphous. The compounds are identified by chemical and XRD analyses. Derivatographic analysis of Yb2(SeO3)3 is carried out. The mechanism of thermal dissociation is expressed by the following scheme: Yb2(SeO3)3 → Yb2O(SeO3)2 → (YbO)2SeO3 → Yb2O3 Ytterbium selenides are obtained by thermal reduction of selenites in a hydrogen atmosphere. Yb2(SeO3)3 + 9H2 = Yb2Se3 + 9H2O» author=»Stancheva Miluvka Georgieva, Dimitrov Tsvetan Ivanov» publisher=»БАСАРАНОВИЧ ЕКАТЕРИНА» pubdate=»2017-06-06″ edition=»ЕВРАЗИЙСКИЙ СОЮЗ УЧЕНЫХ_ 30.05.2017_05(38)» ebook=»yes» ]